When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy ( 树冠 ) of taller indigenous (土生土长的) trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat.
Native birds nest and hide from predators (捕食者) in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and"bird friendly". Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grown coffee is more expensive than sun-grown coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show __________.
A. the positive effects of coffee
B. a change of coffee growth
C. something that is the most important
D. how coffee production used to be
33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. more insects
B. better quality coffee
C. larger farms
D. higher profits
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers.
B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country.
D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT __________.
A. insects
B. air
C. birds
D. humans
第二篇
Soot (煤烟灰) and Snow: a Hot Combination
New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes (纬度) of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (反照率), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
36. Which of the following statements of soot is NOT true?
A. It absorbs sun's heat.
B. It is responsible for climate change.
C. It reflects sunlight.
D. It may account for a quarter of global warming over the past century.
37. Which of the following areas shows a greater warming effect?
A. Ice sea areas.
B. Areas with black carbon.
C. Areas covered with white snow.
D. Melting glaciers.
38. "This forcing" in Paragraph 5 refers to __________.
A. sun's heating on snow surface
B. soot's increased absorption of solar energy
C. carbon-dioxide's warming effect
D. snow's increased reflection of sunlight
39. What is the main cause of climate warming during the past century?
A. Soot.
B. Snow.
C. Greenhouse gases.
D. Wind.
40. The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere with __________.
A. thinning sea ice and insufficient sunlight
B. light snow cover and sufficient sunlight
C. heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight
D. thick sea ice and insufficient sunlight
第三篇
A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before-- at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles,more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world. On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart:sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder--a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.
"This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance," says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.
He works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "But what is really important is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance."
Opportunity
The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars I0 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life, such as the possible presence of water.
Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.
During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet's atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.
Marathon Rover The rover doesn't seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.
Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars's ancient environment. Opportunity's continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.
41. Opportunity is a record-breaking rover in the sense of __________.
A. how long it has stayed in space
B. how far it has traveled
C. how much investment it has involved
D. how many facilities it has been equipped with
42. What does John Callas say about Opportunity's long distance travel?
A. It hasn't met scientists' expectation yet.
B. It hasn't been appreciated appropriately.
C. It is secondary to what has been discovered.
D. It is what scientists have been aiming at.
43. One of the objectives of sending Opportunity and Spirit to Mars is to__________.
A. collect soil and send back to Earth
B. develop multinational space experiments
C. test how well solar-powered rovers work in solar space
D. look for the possible presence of life
44. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Opportunity?
A. It will come back to Earth soon.
B. Another rover will be sent to replace it.
C. It is traveling to another important star.
D. It will work with other rovers exploring Mars.
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.
A. experts know how far Opportunity will walk on Mars
B. researchers are working on sending many rovers to Mars
C. Mars' ancient environment might be explored with the help of Opportunity
D. Opportunity is supposed to collect clay minerals from Marathon Valley
2014年真题
第一篇
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way. You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different. Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities. Psychologists have two different views on intelligence. Some believe there is one general intelligence. Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.
These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests. They do well on tests using words,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests. Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence. The brain of intelligent people use less energy during problem solving. The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction. Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children. He believes that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test. Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling. He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.
These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life. Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences. Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology. For example, when one .part of the brain is injured, other parts of the brain still work. People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing. So, there is not just one intelligence to lose. Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence: linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic( 身体动觉的), and naturalistic.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to understand intelligence.
B. The importance of intelligence.
C. The development of intelligence tests.
D. How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
33. Gardner believes that
A. children have different intelligences
B. all children are alike
C. children should take one intelligence test
D. there is no general intelligence
34. According to Gardner, schools should __________.
A. test students' IQs
B. train students who do poorly on tests
C. focus on finding the most intelligent students
D. promote development of all intelligences
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a __________.
A. musical foundation
B. biological foundation
C. intrapersonal foundation
D. linguistic foundation
第二篇
Compact Disks
If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( 隆起 )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns (微米) wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes (探测仪) communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk (软盘). Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
36. Music is recorded onto CDs as __________.
A. laser beams
B. digital codes
C. musical notes
D. special sounds
37. E-mail is mentioned in the third paragraph to show __________.
A. the variety of digital communications
B. the development of new technologies
C. the usefulness of digital codes
D. the relationship between communication and technology
38. One of the differences between CD-RWs and CD-ROMs is __________.
A. CD-ROMs can be used for longer time
B. CD-ROMs cannot be rewritten on
C. CD-RWs hold more information
D. CD-RWs are merely used for music recording
39. CDs can last a long time if__________.
A. they are seldom used
B. they play well and sound fine
C. their users take good care of them
D. they are developed with new technology
40. It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
A. CD-ROMs are more expensive than other CDs
B. new technology for music recording is being developed
C. the author likes listening to music
D. floppy disks are no longer in use
第三篇
Music
Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function: it not only moves people but also can shock people.
Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels (分贝 ) . Once sound exceeds this limit, even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health. A strong blast ( 响声 ) of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.
In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 hz is called ultrasonic (超音波的). Dolphins,whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound. It does no harm to health.
Sound less than 20 hz is called infrasonic ( 次声 ) waves. When we move, the air will vibrate.
The vibration of air can produce infrasonic waves. As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs, infrasonic wave may cause resonance (共振) in human bodies. As a result, people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture (断裂). However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity. If its intensity is very low, it won't damage internal organs or a person's health. If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.
41. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. The power of music.
B. The harms of noises.
C. The magic of sound.
D. The discovery of infrasonic waves.
42. What does the author say about music?
A. It may be harmful to people's health.
B. It always cheers people up.
C. It is very often difficult to understand.
D. It sounds better when it is loud enough.
43. It is ture that the sound__________.
A. of nature is the most beautiful
B. of high intensity benefits animals
C. in movies is pleasing to the ear
D. over 80 decibels is harmful to people
44. An ultrasonic sound__________.
A. is very loud
B. does harm to people's health
C. is produced by the hero in movies
D. cannot be heard by people
45. It can be found from the last paragraph that infrasonic waves __________.
A. are harmless to people's health
B. exist in people's intemal organs
C. can be used as deadly weapons
D. can improve eyesight
2013年真题
第一篇
Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing (租凭)both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.
Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.
Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems,pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal (地热) resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours (千瓦时) of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.
Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B. Half of US energy is produced there.
C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D. Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that __________.
A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge
B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because __________.
A. the U.S. is demanding more and more energy
B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries
C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development
D. many Americans think public lands are being abused
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when __________.
A. energy development restrictions are effective
B. federal land managers grant permissions
C. they go through the land use planning process
D. there is enough federal budget
第二篇
Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels (太阳能电池板) for decades. But plants are the real experts. They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide(二氧化碳), and water into sugars and starches( 淀粉 ), stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis (光合作用 ) . Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo, is working with green algae (水藻). She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. "But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen," Ghirardi says.
For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate ( 硫酸盐) from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: "You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms."
36. How do plants relate to solar energy?
A. They are the real experts in producing it.
B. They have been a source of it.
C. They have been used to produce it.
D. They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to __________.
A. improve the efficiency of it
B. turn plant sugars to a new form of energy
C. make green plants a new source of energy
D. get more sugars and starches from plants
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when__________.
A. they are grown in narrow-necked bottles
B. there is enough oxygen in the air
C. enough starches is stored
D. there is no oxygen in the air
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because __________.
A. removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production
B. it is hard to create an airfree environment
C. it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment
D. the algae's cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?
A. They grow faster in a reactor.
13. They will be planted everywhere.
C. They are cheap to eat.
D. They can be a good energy source.
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers ( 獾 ). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers' movements and behavior as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal's reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
"The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new," he says. "That, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture.
If they sense you have food, for example, they won't be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They're actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的) . Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen."
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal's fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey ( 猎物 ). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups.
They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals' curiosity--or a sudden aggression.
The badgers' eating patterns, which had been disrupted, to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to badgers' relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wild life experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To catch some honey badgers for food.
C. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
D. To observe how honey badgers behave.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They are always looking for food.
B. They do not enjoy human company.
C. It is common for them to attack people.
D. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
D. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don't run very quickly.
B. They defend their territory from other badgers.
C. They hunt over a very large area.
D. They are more aggressive than females.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They lost interest in people.
B. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them.
答案与解析
2015年真题
第一篇
31．A。主旨题。题干：这篇文章的大意为__________。从各段的首尾句来看，第二段至第四段谈论的是向阳种植咖啡的弊端，第五段谈的是人们开始在阴面种植咖啡，由此可以看出人们种植咖啡的方式发生了改变，所以该题答案为A。
32．B。细节题。题干：第二段中“traditionally”一词的功能是为了说明__________。利用题目关键词定位到第二段的首句，从中可知“传统上，咖啡树被种植在高大的树的树冠之下”，后一句“但是，拉美地区越来越多的农民砍伐森林来种植完全向阳的咖啡树”，由此可知前后句就咖啡树的种植方式形成对比，因此traditionally是为了说明过去与现在种植方式的不同，因而答案为B。选项D具有较大的迷惑性，但是第一句和第二句谈论的是咖啡的种植，而非咖啡的生产。
33．D。细节题。题干：向阳种植的咖啡产量增加导致了什么?利用题干关键词increased production可以定位到第二段最后一句，可知产量的增加带来了利润的增加，故D是正确答案。
34．B。细节题。题干：农民如何找到更多的地来向阳种植咖啡?利用题干关键词find moreland可以定位到第二段的第二句，可知越来越多的拉美人正在砍伐森林来种植咖啡树，故B是正确答案。
35．B。细节题。题干：向阳种植咖啡的方法可能对下列之外都有影响。分别定位四个选项可以定位到第三和四段，如第三段提到因为种植咖啡树，本地的鸟类赖以筑巢和躲避捕食者的树木被砍掉了，第四段提到化肥和杀虫剂杀死了以咖啡树为食的昆虫，而鸟类吃了这些中毒的昆虫而死亡，化学物质杀死动物或使其生病，然后将毒性带入到人们饮水的水域中，所以可见昆虫、鸟类和人类都受到了影响，故本题答案为B。
第二篇
36．C。细节题。题干：下列关于soot的说法不正确的是哪项?利用题干关键词soot无法定位到相关信息，可以改为定位选项。分别定位四个选项，利用选项A的关键词可以定位到第二段的首句，可知地球高纬地区冰雪覆盖，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太阳热能，所以选项A与原文信息一致；利用选项B的关键词可以定位到第三段首句，可知冰雪地区的煤灰对气候变化可能起着至关重要的作用，所以选项B与原文信息一致；利用选项C的关键词可以定位到第一段的首句，可知美国国家航空航天局的科学家的一项新调查显示，黑色煤烟的排放改变了冰雪对阳光的反射方式，而不是反射太阳光，所以选项C与原文信息不一致；利用选项D的关键词可以定位到第一段的最后一句，可知上世纪观测到的全球变暖有25％是黑煤灰引起的，所以D项与原文信息一致。因此，该题答案为C(黑色煤烟能反射阳光)。
37．B。细节题。题干：下列哪个区域表现出较大的温室效应?利用题干关键词warming effect可以定位到第三段的前两句，可知冰雪地区的煤灰对气候变化可能起着至关重要的作用。而且一旦覆盖大地的冰雪开始融化，煤灰就会更加固着于冰面，从而加剧温室效应，所以可知覆盖了煤灰的雪所产生的温室效应比较大，根据第二段的最后一句可知深黑色的碳就是煤灰，因此该题选B项(覆盖了黑色的碳的地区)。
38．B。词汇题。题干：第五段中的“This forcing”指的是__________。利用题干关键词“This forcing”可以定位到第五段。代词的含义一般在其前的句子中。前一句提到煤灰对太阳热能的大量吸收是全球气候变暖的重要因素，然后说这种强力是非常有效的，温室作用是同量二氧化碳强度的两倍，这种强力指的是煤灰对太阳热能的吸收，故本题答案为B(煤灰逐渐的吸收太阳热能)。
39．C。细节题。题干：上个世纪气候变暖的主要原因是什么?利用题干关键词climate warming和the past century可以定位到倒数第二段的第一句，可知Hansen又提醒说尽管煤灰对全球气候变化的作用重大，但这并不能改变一个事实，那就是温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因，所以该题答案为C(温室气体)。
40．c。细节题。题干：的温室效应发生在北半球__________。利用题干关键词the largest warming effects和Northern Hemisphere可以定位到最后一段，可知研究人员发现北半球观测到的变暖现象大多发生在中高纬地区的冬春两季，这样的观测结果与气象模拟实验相吻合，表明部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和充足的日照的时期。因此，该题答案为选项C(厚雪覆盖层和充足的日照)。
第三篇
41．B。细节题。题干：“机遇号”漫游车是一辆破纪录的漫游车，从__________角度而言。利用题干关键词Opportunity和record—breaking rover可以定位到第一段的前两句，可知美国宇航局的火星漫游车“机遇号”到达了其他任何漫游车都没能到达的地方__________至少从距离上来说是如此，而且自2004年“机遇号”到达火星以来，它已经行驶了25．01英里，比任何外星漫游车走的距离都长，所以该题答案为B(它行走的距离)。
42．C。细节题。题干：John Callas对“机遇号”漫游车的长途行驶说了什么?利用题干关键词John Callas可以定位到第二段和第三段，可知火星探测漫游车项目的负责人JohnCallas解释说，这是一项不同寻常的成就，因为“机遇号”本来预定只能行驶大约1000米，并不是为长途行驶而设计的，但是重要的不是漫游车行进了多少距离，而是在这个距离上我们进行了多少探索和发现，由此可知最重要的不是行驶的距离而是探索和发现，所以该题的正确答案为C(不如所获得的发现重要)，这里be secondaryto为固定搭配，意为“次要的，居于次要地位”。
43．D。细节题。题干：发射“机遇号”和“勇气号”漫游车到火星的目标之一是__________。利用题干关键词Opportunity和Spirit可以定位到第四段的最后一句，可知漫游车的目的是帮助科学家进一步了解火星，并且搜寻生命迹象，比如可能存在的水的迹象，所以该题的正确答案为D(搜寻可能的生命迹象)。
44．D。细节题。题干：关于“机遇号”漫游车的说法哪项是正确的?利用题干关键词Opportunity无法快速定位最直接的信息，可以改为定位选项。分别定位四个选项关键词，可以定位到第七段的首句，可知该漫游车还没有停止工作，所以可以排除A(将会很快返回地球)和B(将会被另一辆漫游车所替代)，再根据第七段的尾句，可知之所以把这个地方叫做马拉松谷就是因为“机遇号”从登陆火星并到达这个位置所经过的距离就是一个马拉松的长度，而且从最后一段的首句可知研究人员认为马拉松谷附近的黏土物质含有与火星早期环境有关的线索，因为“机遇号”漫游车还在火星上，所以C项(它将飞往另一个重要的星球)是错误的，所以该题答案为D(将与其他的漫游车一起工作来探索火星)。
45．C。推断题。题干：从最后一段可以推断出__________。从最后一段来看，研究人员认为马拉松谷附近的黏土物质含有与火星早期环境有关的线索，“机遇号”接下来的工作将有助于研究人员实施人类最终移居火星的计划，所以“机遇号”将被用于探索火星的早期环境，从而决定人类最终移居火星的计划的实施，所以该题答案为C(将在机遇号的帮助下进行火星的早期环境的研究)，这里的干扰项是D(“机遇号”将收集马拉松谷附近的黏土物质)，从第六段可知“机遇号”是用它的照相机拍摄了大约187000张火星的全景和微观影像并传回地球，所以并非收集具体的黏土物质。
2014年真题
第一篇
31．A。主旨题。题干：这篇文章的主要大意是什么?利用短文的题目“Approaches to UnderstandingIntelligences”，即“理解智力的模式”，可知本文关注的是如何理解智力，因而答案为A。
32．B。细节题。题干：下列哪一项关于普遍智力的说法是正确的?利用题干关键词generalintelligence可以定位到第一段“Some believe there is one general intelligence．Others believe there are many different intelligences”，即“有的人认为有一种普遍的智力，而其他人则认为有多种类型的智力”，根据这句话无法确定答案；可以利用定位选项关键词进行解答，分别定位四个选项的关键词可以定位到第二段“…people who do well on one kind oftest for mental ability do well on other tests．They do well on tests using words，numbers or pictures．
They do well on individual or group tests，and wfitten or oral tests．”，即“那些在一种类型的智力测验中表现好的人在其他测验中也表现好。他们在使用词汇、数字和图片的测验中表现好。他们无论是在个人的还是团队的测验中也表现好，在书面的或口语的测验中也表现好”，由此可知B为正确答案。
33．．A。细节题。题干：Gardner认为__________。利用题干关键词Gardner可以定位到第四段和第五段，但是无法确定相关的原句，所以还需要通过定位选项的关键词来进行解答。分别定位四个选项的关键词，可以定位到第四段“He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test”，即“他认为所有孩子是不同的，而且不应该通过一种智力测验进行测验”，由此可知A为正确答案。
34．D。细节题。题干：根据Gardner，学校应该__________。利用题干关键词Gardner和school可以定位到第四段“Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences”,即“Gardner认为学校的目的就是鼓励我们所有人的智力发展”。因而D为正确答案。
35．B。细节题。题干：Gardner认为他的理论有__________。利用题干关键词Gardner和theory可以定位到第五段“Gardner says that his theory is based on biology”，即“Gardner认为他的理论是基于生物学的”，所以B为正确答案。
第二篇
36．B。细节题。题干：音乐是以__________形式录制进CD中的。由第一段中的In fact，he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code可知，本题正确答案为B。
37．C。细节题。题干：第三段提及电子邮件是为了证明__________。例子是为了证明文章的观点，该段的主题是Digital codes are used with many technologies，即数码在很多技术方面都得以运用，由此可知C为正确选项。A选项是混淆项，该项的中心词为variety(各种各样的形式)，该段也确实罗列了电话、电邮等各种形式，但列举这些形式的目的也都是为了证明数码的有用性。因此C是选项。
38．B。细节题。题干：CD-RWs和CD-ROMs的区别是__________。第四段中有相关信息：CD．RW能重写，而CD．ROM能容纳很多信息，并能存储游戏和音乐等，因此B选项是正确答案：CD-ROM不能重写，只能保存。
39．C。细节题。题干：CD能持续很长时间如果__________。从倒数第二段中Ofcourse，you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them可知，CD寿命长需要得到很好的保管。故本题答案选C。B选项为混淆项，尽管是文章中的事实，但与题干并不吻合，即答非所问，故不能选择。
40．B。推理题。题干：从文中可推理得知__________。除了B选项，其他选项均能在文中得到很明显的排除。而作者在文末说到“你仍然可以听你CD上最爱的音乐，玩CD-ROM上的电脑游戏”并不能推理得知作者也很喜欢听音乐。B选项是正确的，因为作者使用了“It may not be many more years…”，即有新技术指日可待，证明新技术正在研发中，因此本题答案为B。
第三篇
41．C。主旨题。题干：本文的题目是什么?尽管本文开篇讲到Music is one ofthe most beautiful forms ofartistic expressions ever invented，即音乐是最美丽的艺术表达形式，但从第二段开始列举各种频段的声音及其用途，因此全文首句只是个引子，真正的主题是sounds。故只有C选项全面描述了本文内容，其他选项均为某个细节的总结。
42．A。细节题。题干：作者陈述了音乐的什么内容?通过第二段中的Once sound exceeds this
limit，even beautiful music will become car-splitting noise and harm health可知，音乐并非声音越大越好，一旦声音超过了某个限度，再美丽的音乐都将成为刺耳的噪音，伤害身体。因此本题答案为A。
43．D。细节题。题干：声音__________是真的。通过第二段的前两句可知，正常声音的分贝在20．80之间，超过这个限度对人体健康有害。由此可知，超过80分贝的声音对健康有害是正确的。
44 D。细节题。题干：超声__________。由第三段中的In nature，there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing．In physics，the sound that exceeds 20，000 hz is called ultrasonic(超声波的)可知，自然界中，有种声音是听不到的(beyond ourhearing)，因此超声是人们听不到的声音。故选D。
45．C。推理题。题干：从最后一段可知次声波__________。根据最后一段可知，次声波与人体器官的频率相近，但对人体是否有害取决于声音的密度(intensity)。并由此可推理次声波可以被用来充当致命的武器，尽管目前科学家们只是在实验室里制造出了次声波武器。
2013年真题
第一篇
31．B。主旨题。题干：本文的主要大意是什么?主旨题可以利用短文题目和段落的首尾句进行解答。文章的标题“Energy and Public Lands”，即能源和公共土地，首段总述了文章的中心思想，主要讲公共土地在能源生产方面发挥的巨大作用。故B(公共土地在能源生产方面的重要作用)是正确答案。
32．A。细节题。题干：下面关于美国公共土地的陈述哪一项是正确的?利用题干关键词和项关键词可以定位到第二段最后一句：“Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas．”可知，据估计联邦土地蕴藏未被发现的美国石油储量的68％年D未被发现的天然气约74％。故A(未被发现的大多数天然气都储藏于此)是正确答案。
33．A。例证题。题干：文章第四段以地热、风力和水力为例是为了证明例子之前或之后的论点。根据第四段首句可知，尽管来自联邦土地的新能源产量可观，但是生产落后于传统能源。随后列举了地热、风力和水力的例子，就是为了证明新能源产量可观。故A(公共土地可生产的能源是巨大的)是正确答案。
34．A。细节题。题干：公共土地满足美国能源要求的压力增大是因为__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段首句，可知因为美国对能源需求的不断增长以及公众对国家依赖外来能源的不安使得公共土地满足美国能源需求的压力越来越强烈。由此可知，A(美国需要越来越多的能源)是正确答案。
35．C。细节题。题干：在__________情况下公共土地可以用来发展能源。利用题干关键词energy development可以定位到最后一段的第二句，可知公共土地只有在通过土地利用规划评审程序后才可用于能源发展。故C(它们需要经过土地使用规划评审)是正确答案。
第二篇
36．D。细节题。题干：植物与太阳能是如何发生联系的?利用题干关键词plant和solar energy可以定位到第一段最后一句，可知几十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源。故D项(几十亿年来，植物从来就是利用阳光作为能源的)是正确答案。
37．C。细节题。题干：科学家研究光合作用如何发挥作用是因为他们想__________。利用题干关键词photosynthesis可以定位到文中第三段，科学家企图将植物或植物类生物细胞作为微型光合能源供应站来研究，并举例说，他们正在用绿藻进行实验，若成功，绿藻所产生的氢将可用来为汽车的燃料电池充电。故C(让绿色植物成为新能源)是正确答案。
38．D。细节题。题干：当__________时，藻类能够利用太阳能产生氢气。利用题干关键词Algae和hydrogen可以定位到文中第四段最后两句，可知藻类会在隔绝空气的环境下产生氢气，因为空气中的氧气阻止绿藻制造氢，故D(空气中没有氧气)是正确答案。
39．A。细节题。题干：研究人员发现很难使藻类有效地生产氢气，是因为__________。根据文中第六段首句“Unfortunately,removing the sulfate also makes the algae’s cells work very slowly,and not much hydrogen is produced．”可知，消除硫酸盐的工作不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量，故A(消除硫酸盐使氢的生产速度减慢)是正确答案。
40．D。细节题。题干：关于藻类，Ghirardi说了什么?根据关键词Ghirardi定位到文中最后一段第一句，可知研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源，故D(它们可以是很好的能源)是正确答案。
第三篇
41．D。细节题。题干：为什么野生动物专家要去非洲卡拉哈里沙漠?利用题干关键词wildlifeexpert和Kalahari Desea可以定位到第一段的第三句“Their main aim was to study the badgers’movements and behavior”，可知其主要目的是研究蜜獾的行动和行为，所以D(蜜獾是如何行动的)为正确答案。
42．D。细节题。题干：关于蜜獾，Kitso Khama说了些什么?利用题干关键词Kitso Khama等可以定位到第二段，即“蜜獾的问题在于它们天生就是富有好奇心的动物，尤其在看见新东西的时候。这种好奇心加上其难以预测的天性就成了危险因素。如果它们觉得你有食物，它们直接跑到你面前要东西吃，一点也不会害羞。它们实际上是人类周围环境中非常友善的动物，但它们一旦感到有危险就会变得非常凶恶”。由此可知，A没有提到，B和C与原文都不一致，所以正确答案为D(它们对不熟悉的东西感兴趣)。
43．D。细节题。题干：这个研究小组发现了有关蜜獾的什么?题干无明显关键词，就可以利用选项的关键词定位。分别定位四个选项的关键词，可以定位到第三段，由第二旬可知“蜜獾吃任何它们能抓住和杀死的动物”，由第三句可知“甚至像多数动物害怕和躲避的毒蛇，碰到它们时也不安全”，由第四句可知“蜜獾喜欢吃当地的西瓜，可能因为西瓜中的较多的水分含量”，由最后一句可知“他们确认了之前研究的结果，包括雌性蜜獾彼此之间从不交往的事实”。由此A、B、C都是错误的，所以正确答案为D(他们从水果中得到部分所需的水分)。
44．C。细节题。题干：下列哪一个是雄性蜜獾的典型特征?利用题干关键词和选项关键词territory,run，a large area等可以定位到第四段第一句，即“跟踪雄性蜜獾是个挑战，因为它们能在很短的时间内在很大的区域内活动”。由此可知，C(它们可以在很大区域内狩猎)为正确答案。
45．A。细节题。题干：当蜜獾习惯了周围有人后会怎么样?利用题干关键词be used to可以定位到最后一段，即“当蜜獾习惯于周围有人存在的时候，人就可以接近它们，而它们也对人不再好奇或突然进攻”。be used t0与be accustomed to同义，意为“习惯于……”，故A(它们对人失去兴趣)是正确答案。
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