托福写作水清木华7、8课程(二)2

阅读材料的分类：
　　1.定义+解释——多层例证
　　2.新发现+三点证据、理论
　　3.问题 + 解决方案 + 理由
　　4.历史现象+原因分析
　　5.事物、现象+ 利弊分析
　　6.打分偏高（inflation of marks）
　　reading
　　例题： 老师给学生打的分数越来越高
　　阅读主要内容
　　1.分数打得低会减低学生的学习意志
　　2.会影响教师自己的测评结果
　　3.因为别的老师给的成绩高，如果不跟着给高分，学生出去找工作会吃亏
　　lecture
　　解决方案www.Ｅxamda.CoM
　　1.应从小灌输正确的学习观念，不应因一次小失利而丧失信心
　　2.教师的评测可以改在学期结束前进行，这样学生的成绩就不会影响到评测结果
　　3.企业在选拔人才时可以看学生在班级中的排名而不是单纯的成绩
　　例文：来源：www.examda.com
　　第一段：
　　概括双方论点，构成第一次相关
　　语言和用此要考究，但是绝对不要使用网络模板
　　The inflation in college grading is said to be positive in reading. But the lecturer 反驳？this assertion after providing …
　　表达反驳的词语
　　1.Gainsay her claims by…
　　2.Do not grant or concede or acknowledge that…
　　3.Refuse to accept as true
　　4.A refusal to accept as positive
　　5.Contradicts that…
　　6.Disaffirm
　　7.Assail
　　8.Resist
　　9.Impugn
　　10.Refute
　　11.Disprove来源：www.examda.com
　　12.Confound——不能随意使用
　　13.Rebut： to contradict or oppose by formal legal argument, plea, or countervailing proof b : to expose the falsity of : REFUTE
　　14.一个学生的段落分析：
　　The speaker challenges the reasoning that supports the current inflation in college grading system, and provides very specific alternatives to teacher evaluation timing and employer methodology in judging a student.
　　改写：
　　第二段：
　　告诉读者听力中的第一次反驳
　　1.反驳的点在哪里？What?
　　2.阅读材料上是怎么说的？what?
　　3.说话人是如何反驳的？ HOW？
　　4.你使用定语从句了没有？
　　5.你使用状语从句没有？
　　6.你的句子之间有没有严谨的逻辑关系？
　　7.你是怎么表达这些逻辑关系的？
　　8.你试用了那些过渡词语？
　　第一个句子： 说话人直接/坦率地反驳阅读观点。
　　副词：
　　1.Straightforwardly
　　2.Candidly
　　3.Frankly
　　4.Unequivocally
　　5.Pretenselessly
　　6.Outspokenly来源：考试大
　　7.Barefacedly
　　8.Straight-from-the-shoulder
　　阅读观点认为……但是说话人直接反驳到……
　　As the reading indicates, it is …for …to do…Nevertheless, the lecturer unequivocally contradicts that…
　　It is claimed in the reading that…However, the speaker believes that this concept stands on a weak ground.
　　The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that... Contrary to the belief in the passage that… the professor says that… are in fact less prone to ... The alarm sentinels give off causes to group to move rashly which draws the predators attention towards them, thus drawing away the attention from the sentinels.
　　The speaker first argues that the inflated grades will not enable students to truly know their weakness, not to mention improve upon them. According to the reading, low grades will discourage students. The speaker rebuts this point and argues that the true meaning of education is not just to satisfy students. Letting the students make progress is the purpose and inflated grades will not help students in this way. As for the reading's concerns that low grades will adversely affect teachers' evaluation, the speaker offers a solution. By finishing the teachers' evaluation before the end of the semester, we can sever the connections between the students' grades and teachers' evaluations.
　　Lastly, the speaker argues that the school does not have to follow the trend of inflated grades invariably. The reading argues that if the school does not follow the trend, their students will be discriminated, the lecture says that this problem can be solved by providing a weighted relative score. This score will pinpoint a student's percentile in the whole student body and show the other students' scores, thus allowing employers to clearly position the student among the entire student body。
　　翻译练习：
　　阅读文章中认为北美印第安人大量死亡的主要原因是欧洲移民入侵时期为了经济利益主要是为了获得土地和资源而对印第安人进行大规模屠杀。但是教授从医学史料和病例分析提出质疑。该教授基于人口统计学死亡率的数据，认为是印第安人不具备抗体和免疫能力较低导致的死亡。这个教授列举了淋病，梅毒等疾病作为证据。并且应用印第安遗骸的DNA证据来支持自己的观点，反对阅读观点。
　　提示：
　　massacre.
　　decimate
　　shoot.
　　slaughter.
　　annihilate.
　　exterminate.
　　ruin
　　put (or do) to death, put to sleep, take one's life
　　immunity
　　sexually transmitted diseases