托福写作水清木华7、8课程 (一)1

托福综合作文讲解
　　形式：阅读 + 听记 + 写作
　　重点：
　　1.阅读的核心技术：三点一面的思维体系
　　2.听之前的预判断：反驳常用思维方式和语言
　　3.写作得分点在哪里？
　　3.1听力和阅读的相关
　　3.2听力材料中信息的完整（一般三个点）
　　3.3语言的自然和流畅
　　阅读材料一般有一个观点，然后跟随者对这个观点的解释论证。作者还可能给出比较具体的论据，比如具体的例子和研究。
　　而听力材料主体上是反驳阅读的观点。反驳的主要手法是*其论证，或者对其具体论据提出不同的解释。考生在阅读的时候就要形成反驳的意识。这个反驳的主要技术是早期GRE考试的逻辑部分，而GMT的逻辑部分一样在托福中体现其核心思维，但是在托福中形式显得极为简单。
　　阅读材料的基本结构：
　　Directions:考试大(www．Examda。com)
　　For this task you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.
　　Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.
　　Typically effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
　　You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
　　OG的例子：来源：www.examda.com
　　Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. （定义解释）Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; （反面阐述）individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
　　Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.
　　In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing--it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group.
　　阅读材料Listening Script
　　The following is the script of the lecture that you heard and were asked to summarize.
　　You know, often in science, new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions. And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect. The study examined the meerkat's behavior quite closely, much more closely than had ever been done before. And some interesting things were found.., like about eating habits.., it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard -- so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming, it's the most likely to escape... because it often stands guard near a burrow, so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm. The other meerkats, the ones scattered about looking for food, are actually in greater danger.
　　And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator's attention away from the caller, increasing that animal’s own chances of survival.
　　And what about people？ what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let's take an extreme case, uh, suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger. A selfless act, right? But... doesn't the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn't the donor gain an increased sense of self-worth? Couldn't such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?
　　Question
　　Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, being sure to specifically explain how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.